The Success Of A Nurse - 926 Words

As with any career-focused education, it is the students who determine the future triumph of that particular career. Nursing students are provided with the knowledge, tools, and experience that they need in order to be successful. Ultimately, the patient’s wellness is the central focus of the success of a nurse. The American Nursing Association defines nursing as, â€Å"†¦the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.† (American Nurses Association, 2015). The responsibilities of a nurse are critical and uniquely tailored to each individual patient. One uniform piece that must remain consistent among the daily practices of a nurse is infection control. Body The basis of infection control is hand hygiene. Hygiene education often begins during childhood, with the aid of playful rhymes and charismatic diagrams on bathroom walls. Although the attempt to establish a strong habit of hand hygiene at an early age has good intent, it is not always successful or effective. Hand hygiene for health care professionals must be successful and effective in order to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), making hand hygiene a major part of the curriculum in nursing schools (World Health Organization, 2015). HAIs are infections that are acquired in a healthcare settingShow MoreRelatedThe Success Of Registered Nurses1291 Words   |  6 Pages Hard work, knowledge, and interpersonal skills are some of the most important aspects that will directly impact the success of registered nurses (RNs) within the medical healthcare field. They are professionals that require an amount of comprehensive education and skills that are related to assessing, planning, and intervening to promote patient care (â€Å"The Nursing Process,† n.d.). In order to become RNs, associate degrees in nursing (ADN) must be earned from a state-approved training program. TheRead MoreEvaluation Of A Nurse Leader s Leadership Style And Identify How Their Style Has Helped Them Achieve Success1426 Words   |  6 Pageswith three nurse leaders to ascertain their preferred leadership style and identify how their style has helped them achieve success. Their responses will be compared and contrasted, and will be referenced by appropriate literature to show synthesis with leadership theory. To ensure that consistent questioning took place during these interviews a structured list of questions was used. For the sake of this assignment, each question will form a subheading throughout the paper. The nurse leaders interviewedRead MoreSystems Life Cycle : Development And Success Of A Project Manager779 Words   |  4 Pagesthe system, developing and documen ting software, testing and maintain the system, and implementing and evaluating the system (Kendal Kendall, 2014). The roles of the nurse informatician and a project manager play an integral part in the development and success of a project. Nurse Informatics Professional in Project Management A nurse informatics professional and a project manager share several roles and responsibilities. â€Å"Project managers and informaticians interface to ensure that project timelinesRead MoreMasters in Nursing With a Bias in Leadership and Administration655 Words   |  3 Pagesof health care delivery and practice, organizations need nurse leaders who are well equipped to handle the challenging roles of executive leadership in a health care setting. This text addresses the various benefits a hospital would derive from having a nurse leader complete a Masters in Nursing with a bias in leadership/administration. Discussion In basic terms, a Masters in Nursing with a bias in leadership/administration equips nurse leaders with the necessary skills as well as knowledge requiredRead MoreBenefits Of An Initial Cost Benefit Analysis1172 Words   |  5 Pagesthe training and education for early identification of signs and symptoms of PIV catheter-related complication. In order to implement this protocol, there must be a nurse educator, who is well versed in the EBP concerning the new practice of clinically indicated replacement of PIV catheters, to educate each unit and their charge nurses. Ideally, there would not be a need for continuing education regarding this implementation process, so there are no long-term financial costs associated with this practiceRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreServant Leadership : A Good Leader1447 Words   |  6 Pagesrespect filled relationships with their employees. By building respect filled relationships and mentoring the growth and development of their employees, servant leaders show that they not only have a vested interest in the success of their employees but in the overall success of their organization (Hunter, 1998). Empathy Servant leaders understand that people need to be accepted for who they are as individuals. They make great efforts to be considerate of the viewpoints of others and will speculateRead MoreThe Trait Theory Of Leadership1739 Words   |  7 Pagesset the all-time record of 88 consecutive victories. While at UCLA, he established the Pyramid of Success, which consists of 15 qualities he implemented while coaching, as well as instilling them into the work ethic of his players. By integrating the qualities of the Pyramid of Success along with trait theory, it becomes clear that traits do matter when it comes to being a successful person and a nurse leader. Although there are many qualities within the pyramid, the ones I believe that apply the mostRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MorePlanned Change : Reintroducing The Bedside Report1296 Words   |  6 PagesPlanned Change: Reintroducing the Bedside Report Gone are the days of taped change of shift reports or written communications between nurses for hand off. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMM) have recently linked quality of care to payments. The hospital value-based purchasing program now adjusts the reimbursement hospitals receive on several key concepts including the patient experience. Patient satisfaction accounts for 30% of the total performance scores (Centers for Medicare Medicaid

Chinese Food As A Multicultural Country - 852 Words

Nowadays, Canada has become increasingly popular for immigrants moving here, so it becomes a multicultural country. How can the new immigrants adapt to themselves to live in different lifestyle and culture? According to the author Arlene Chan, â€Å"Canadians celebrate on July 1 because that day is Dominion Day, but for Chinese is â€Å"Humiliation Day† (Chan, 1878). It means Chinese immigrants refused to celebrate like what the Canadians do in July 1. Thus, different cultures cannot be merged easily due to food culture, wedding culture and education culture. First of all, based on the countries food culture, people would prepare their traditional food in their daily meals. Chinese food is an important part of Chinese culture, and it profoundly influences East Asia Food Culture. For example, most of Chinese people who born in Canada, and they still like eating Chinese food because they are living in traditional families. According to an article, many people are curious about the author’s nationality and her culture; simultaneously, they tried to convince the author do not hyphenate herself, and just call herself Canadian.(Sun 1992) Take Chinese for example, Chinese immigrations even the second generations are very traditional since they mainly chose their ethnic food from which they can be easily distinguish. The difference of food culture between Chinese and western country is so complicate, and it can be reflected in many perspectives, especially it reflects the difference of livingShow MoreRelatedCanada Is A Multiculturalism Cou ntry1070 Words   |  5 PagesWe always say Canada is a multiculturalism country. However, what is multiculturalism? A country that is full of people with different cultural backgrounds and different races living together in peace. Canada is a multicultural society, so an increasing number of immigrants came to Canada, mostly from African, Asian, and Caribbean countries. But in Canadian history of multiculturalism has started with xenophobic approach to immigrants. In the beginning of 20th century, immigrants could not be recognizedRead MoreThe Australian and Chinese Cultures: A Comparative Analysis623 Words   |  3 PagesAustralia boasts one of the worlds most multicultural societies. Therefore, it can be difficult to pinpoint what being Australian really is, or to define Australian culture. The best way to approach an analysis of Australian culture may be to compare it with another culture. Chinese culture is equally as complex and diverse as Australian culture, as both countri es have a large variety of ethnic groups within their borders. However, in terms of the many aspects of culture such as meaning, languageRead MoreMulticulturalism : The New Reality Of Canada1353 Words   |  6 Pageshelps us understand each other and discourage hatred and violence.† () Furthermore, various ethnic groups introduce their individual beliefs, traditions, as well as, religions to the Canadian society. Generally speaking, be part of an expanding multicultural society has impacted Canada economically, demographically and socially. Thus, the presence of the variety of different cultures, languages and heritages, results in the need for the county to adapt and change, based on the new reality of CanadaRead MoreChinese Migration to Japan on the Rise Essay example1583 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the last three decades, Japan has been one of the main destinations for Chinese migrants. The population of Chinese in Japan is growing rapidly. According to the Immigration Bu reau statistics, the Chinese population in Japan had grown thirteen-fold since the 1980s, surpassing the Korean migrants in Japan. Despite the recent political turmoil between China and Japan, many Chinese tourists and migrants come to Japan. If this trend continues, there could be a prospect for improvement of the Sino-JapaneseRead MoreBurmese Food Culture : Burma1732 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial geographical location, Burma is a multicultural country and it has different ethnic groups like Indian, Chinese and Thai. Burmese food culture didn t get much attention for everyone because of their history. But in fact, the Burmese food culture is very similar to the other Asian countries that has its very attractive features. So in order to know more about the Burmese food culture, we need to find out some of the Burmese food knowledge, such as their food traditions, their eating patterns,Read MoreIs Australia still Called the Lucky Country?680 Words   |  3 PagesMany people think A ustralia is the ‘lucky country’. This is because Australia is known for its picturesque landscape and the multiculturalism in this country. However, there are issues that recently appeared. This includes the harsh climates of the Australian outback and the discrimination in this country. Australia is still a lucky country because it has the beautiful landscape. Australia has many beautiful environments such as the Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, the Blue Mountains and beautiful beachesRead MoreThe Integration of Chinese Americans and Asian Britons in the United Kingdom1759 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿There has been enough research done on immigrant communities in the United States of American and The United Kingdom yet little on a combination of the two. This paper critically examines the integration of the Chinese Americans as well as their counterparts, the Asian Britons in the United Kingdom. The worlds immigration pattern has transformed societies and those thought of as visitors turned hosts. In many parts of the world especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, there are remarkableRead MoreHigher Education For International Students998 Words   |  4 Pages(UKCISA, 2008). Whereas, the students who come from developing countries responded that the higher education in the UK would extend work field as well as the effect of social cognition (Mazzarol and Soutar, 2002). Hence, it will be discussed in this essay whether opportunities outweigh the challenges by analyzing the phenomenon, reasons and drawing the conclusion. 2.0The opportunities for international students In the UK, a pluralistic country, there is diversified culture promoting to the cultural communicationRead MoreThe Only Real Day By Frank Chin989 Words   |  4 PagesSan Francisco, as a multicultural city, undoubtedly included a large variety of groups of people from all around the world. In English 162 course, we’ve learned a lot about history and culture of the bay area. From the gold rush the outsiders came, to the diversity of the Fillmore, we can see that even people far from the other side of the earth came here for a better life. As for myself, I came from a Chinese culture country, which is surely different from the culture here in America. Besides â€Å"TheRead MoreWhy America Should Not Be A Multicultural Country Ever Since The 18th Century983 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica has been growing as a multicultural country ever since the 17th century. Over the years more cultures have been spreading throughout the colonies. At first Native American traditions were being used by colonists for agricultural purposes. However, the colonists took the Native American style of farming and claimed it as their own. Different cultures have been becoming ‘Americanized.’ Chinese food in America is not the text book definition of a traditional dish in China. America will take

Existentialist Curriculum on the Humanities Free Essays

â€Å"I should seek not the way, but my way. † Rather than follow a strict set of rules about what school should or should not be like, the existentialist chooses his or her own vision of education. There is truly no one right way for students to learn or one method of teaching that is universally applicable. We will write a custom essay sample on Existentialist Curriculum on the Humanities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Existentialism classrooms therefore offer freedom for both educator and student. The existentialist model also encourages growth and creativity through limitless freedom. As Blaise Pascal said, â€Å"Live today as if you were to die tomorrow. According to this philosophy, the students and teachers would do whatever they felt inspired to do at that moment, and curriculum would be loose. The existentialist teacher eschews structure. The existentialist does not attempt to become a specialist because to do so is too restricting. I agree with the quote, â€Å"Specialization diminishes a man-He is a creature of knowledge, not the master of it. † I also appreciate the existentialist vision of education as a â€Å"conversation between persons in which each person remains a subject for the other, a conversation. With this viewpoint, the teacher is not authoritarian, and does not stand up in front of the class and lecture all day. Finally, the existentialist teacher helps students achieve self-realization. I agree that the purpose of education is more than just to memorize multiplication tables or vocabulary words. There is a reason why students don’t like school, and if more teachers incorporated the fundamental philosophies of existentialism in their classrooms, more students would enjoy school. Learning would be more fun. I had an existentialist teacher in high school. The class was social studies, but we did not have a textbook. Rather, the teacher taught to us from Buddhist teachings and encouraged each student in the class to discuss the meaning of life. Instead of memorizing historical data, we learned how to think creatively about our world and about our own selves. The existentialist classroom can focus on any subject. In fact, the true existentialist classroom focuses on as many subjects as possible, and is not restricted to math, English, science, or history. However, when teaching restrictive subjects like math, the teacher uses highly creative methods rather than rote learning. The existentialist teacher brings in various multimedia materials, and welcomes technology as a tool for teaching. The teacher teaches whatever the students appear interested in on that day rather than force them to focus on one specific thing. The students and teacher might sit together in a circle, rather than in typical classroom format. Students are encouraged to tell stories and share jokes. They might perform some creative projects with art or music. Games are also encouraged. The existentialist class is frequently held outside on the lawn on sunny days, or alternatively, goes on a field trip to a park or wherever seems fun that day. If it’s raining, the teacher might bring in a movie to teach a unit on cinematography or on a specific theme. The existentialist classroom also incorporates current events as a means to expand the students’ awareness of their universe. Furthermore, the teacher imparts knowledge regarding psychological and social coping skills; the existentialist class is not about rote memorization of specific materials but rather on the big picture: the meaning of life and the life purpose behind education. The existentialist views humanity as integral in the perception of reality. Rather than see a physical universe â€Å"out there† that exists independently of the person as a realist would, the existentialist knows that human consciousness alters reality. Human beings are therefore active creators and participants in the universe. In order to better understand the metaphysical underpinnings of the universe we first need to better understand ourselves. The quote â€Å"Man is nothing other than what he makes himself† refers to the power of human consciousness in shaping personal as well as collective reality: we are what we think. Human beings are born with free will; free will is neither good nor an ideal; often free will is a source of our pain and suffering, for when we make mistakes we suffer the consequences. Therefore, free will enables human beings to make painful mistakes in order that we may learn and grow. Because of the absolute nature of free will, each person is ultimately responsible for his or her own actions. Knowledge is highly variable, and not as absolute as some may believe. An individual’s knowledge depends on his or her interpretation of the world, and is also highly dependent on his or her personal value systems. Beliefs inform reality. While some knowledge has been codified, the codification of knowledge is not absolute. Human beings are continuously shifting our view of the universe, as our understanding expands and grows. Moreover, people in different cultures and from different backgrounds have different worldviews and therefore have different knowledge. No one form of knowledge is any more or less valuable than another, just different. Specialization is an attempt to own knowledge, to master something completely. However, specialization â€Å"diminishes the man† because specialization is by definition limiting. The existentialist teacher seeks as many different opinions as possible to enrich the conversation. Teaching is a process of conversation and collaboration, a back-and-forth sharing of ideas. All teachers must be aware of their limitations and not attempt to falsely represent themselves as â€Å"experts. † An existentialist curriculum will focus on the humanities because of the openness and creativity inherent in the humanities. Students actively participate; they don’t simply sit back and try to absorb material from the teacher. How to cite Existentialist Curriculum on the Humanities, Papers

Evaluating Market Strategy Recommendations -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Evaluating Market Strategy Recommendations? Answer: Introduction When an organization introduces a new producor service, it needs to develop different marketing strategies related to product and its advertising among people. Marketing mix is a strategic framework that includes various marketing strategies, which can be used to develop better customer relationships and increase customer base. This framework incorporates many strategies, i.e. 8 Ps stands for product, price, place, promotion, processes, people, partnerships and physical evidence (Beamish, Ashford, 2008). It comprises of every aspect, which is used by organization to increase the demand of its different products. It is very important part of marketing audit that assists in realize that marketing mix strategies are the best ways to establish strategic interaction of the company with its customers and other stakeholders. In this report, each and every P of marketing mix is discussed for an Australian Company, i.e. Woolworths. Theoretical concepts of marketing mix are described along with their application on Woolworths products. Woolworths is one of the largest retail chains in Australia and headquartered in Bella Vista, NSW Australia. The product range, which is taken into consideration here, is hair care product, offered by Woolworths. Moreover, the report includes the discussion about the contemporary issues, which are confronted by the organization in this competitive business environment. Woolworths is facing various issues, which are affecting the growth and marketing strategy of organization in supermarket industry. The organization is formulating effective strategies to deal with these issues. In the next section, recommendations are provided for each component of marketing mix. Company Overview Woolworths Limited is one of the major organizations in Australia with a large retail interest throughout New Zealand and Australia. In Australia, it is on second position in terms of profits and revenues. This organization is dealing in different industries, like; supermarkets, petrol, liquor, hotels etc. and offering a wide range of products worldwide. From them, one of the most profitable and established business of Woolworths Limited is Woolworth Supermarkets. The organization is selling various grocery products such as; vegetables, fruits, packaged goods. In addition to this, they also offer beauty and health products, household items etc. Currently, it is operating its 1000 stores in Australia and employing 111,000 people in the country (Woolworths group, 2018). Marketing Mix Concepts and their Application to Woolworths Products Primarily, marketing mix is made up of four components, i.e. product, price, place and promotion. Now, this framework is extended to 8 variables by including processes, people, physical evidence and partnerships. Marketing mix concept can be defined as a framework that is used to develop a significant and effective marketing strategy with every component being utilized in different ways at different places (Dumas, La Rosa, Mendling, Reijers, 2013). In todays business environment, it is essential for every organization to develop this framework, so that it can develop effective marketing strategies to compete with its leading competitors. All of these components are equally important for the sale of products and services and growth of business. Woolworths is implementing an effective marketing mix for its hair care product. However, this organization is offering a variety of products and using effective marketing strategies to connect with its potential customers. This part of report includes theoretical concepts of 8Ps of marketing mix and their application on Woolworths hair care product. Product Under marketing mix approach, first component is product that means anything, which is offered by a company to its potential customers to satisfy their expectations and demands. Woolworths is one of the leading retail in Australia and it offers a wide range of products as a major component of its marketing mix. In this report, the product of Woolworths include hair care product, i.e. hair shampoo, which is offered with the intention to provide an advanced solution to target population regarding issues related to hair. This shampoo includes different herbal materials and ingredients (Alembakis, 2017). It will not create any adverse effect on hair such as; dandruff, hair fall etc. It has prepared this product by considering the needs and demands. In this way, it completely focuses on customers needs and their satisfaction. After looking at the companys product range, it can be said that Woolworths is offering consumer products, which are purchased by customers to satisfy their family a nd personal needs. After preparing the products, every organizations thinks about setting an effective price for its products and services, which will be profitable for business. Pricing is the component that indicates the money that is needed to pay by the people for buying any product of a company. For an organization, it is essential to develop an effective pricing strategy, so that it can enable the customers to buy newly introduced product easily. Generally, Woolworths makes efforts to maintain higher prices than its competitors in the industry. For this product, organization is adopting comparative lower pricing strategy (Dominici, 2009). This strategy appears beneficial and justifiable in the beginning, because it is assisting the organization in targeting the rights customers. By using this strategy, it is very easy to target lower and middle income people, who are facing hair related issues. It has a reward program at some of its stores that offers vouchers for the points collected. In additio n to this, the organization also gives the shopping card that tracks the purchases automatically and provides the fuel discounts, which are applicable. Thus, there is no requirement to keep paper receipts. Place is another important component of marketing mix framework that includes different aspects related to distribution of products and services of an organization. Place determines the processes and activities that how the products and services of a company will be delivered to the right customer. In this way, it is a significant element in making decision on product placement. For its hair care product, Woolworths ensures that its products are available at supermarkets and retail stores, where other products of Woolworths are delivered to customers (Hanssens, Pauwels, Srinivasan, Vanhuele, Yildirim, 2014). For this company, it is essential to ensure the maximum availability of products for targeting a large population and having more marketing opportunities in Australia and other countries. In addition to its retail stores, this company is offering its products online through its website and mobile application. Thus, the Woolworths organization has established a large distribution network. Promotion Promotion is one of the most important components of marketing mix that assists the organization in communicating its brand message and approaching its targeted audiences. It includes different marketing and communication strategies and tactics. These strategies may include sales promotion, advertising, public relations and special offers. For determining this component, organization needs to choose an appropriate strategy for its products and services (Engel, Warshaw, Kinnear, 2010). For its hair care product, Woolworths Company is implementing sales promotion and advertising strategies. Under advertising strategy, it uses both traditional and modern media, like social networking sites. In addition to this, the organization is using print media also, as it is the best way to approach the customers through newspapers and magazines. Apart from this, price concessions and discounts are also given to the people in the introduction stage of hair care product. For Woolworths, promotion h as always been of an intense importance and they have been using very innovative ways. Easy availability and accessibility of products is assisting them in generating customer loyalty. A wide range of promotional channels assists Woolworths in approaching its target customers and generate revenues for this product segment (Hollensen, 2015). Processes In the marketing mix approach, next component is processes, which is an appropriate operating procedure in delivering the products and services. The organization needs to ensure that it is following rights and appropriate processes for product delivery to customers. There is need of involving more sales persons in the conversion process. Woolworths has a customer friendly process and emphasize on delivering customer satisfaction (Huang, Sarigll, 2014). At Woolworths, process component includes fast billing services and getting the good purchased, both online and offline as well. The company ensures that the process is fast by the use of advanced billing process and software. The staff at stores takes the response and feedback of customers to make innovations in the processes. It assists the organization in staying competitive in the industry. Generally, the hiring of a company reflects its brands values, so that it focuses on recruitment of right people to produce, sell and offer its products. Under this process, the organization ensures that its brand communicates to the customers effectively. Currently, Woolworths operates with more than 111000 people and delivers the services effectively (Kotler, 2015). The sales assistants are accountable for its success to great level. The major objective of organization is customer satisfaction in super market industry and Woolworth is the best example. The human resources of this company are well-trained and contribute in the success of organization. Partnerships Partnership is the process of establishing alliances between two independent firms for the benefits of both firms and to satisfy the needs and demands of customers. Organizations are using effective strategies to partner with another organization (Lam, and Harker, 2015). These strategies are such as; joint venture, franchises, strategic partnerships etc. There are so many manufacturers, who are using this component for future product development. Woolworth is developing partnerships with different small scale organizations, so that it can increase its product and customer base. By doing this, Woolworth is able to gain more resources and skills. Physical Evidence Physical evidence is the intangible and tangible evidences, which can be observed by the customers, like; maintaining the outlets, delivering customer service effectively etc. It is very important component for validation of product and service quality. It shows the environment and other physical factors in the organization and its workplace. The retail stores of Woolworths are attractive and clean. These stores are customer friendly and easy to explore through different category of products. The retail stores of this company are major physical evidences of its survival. Thus, the theoretical concepts of marketing mix are very important for each and every organization. It can be analyzed that Woolworth is performing its marketing mix very well. By its implementation, the company is able to attract a large customer base and increase the sales of its products. Contemporary Issues and their impact on Woolworths and its Marketing Strategy Competition is one of the major factors, which impact the growth and success of organization in business environment. Each and every organization needs to conduct marketing research for analyzing the competitive pressures (Low, 2016). Woolworth is one of the largest retailers in Australia, but still it is facing intense competition from other leading players, like; Aldi, Coles, Tesco, Wal-Mart and Macro Wholefoods Ltd. From its competitors, Coles is one of the biggest competitors that are operating its business operations as an Australian supermarket, consumer services and retail chain. The organization is headquartered in Melbourne and owned by Wesfarmers Limited. Currently, the organization is operating its 801 stores allover Australia. It is implementing various marketing and brand strategies, which assists the organization in attaining a better brand image and competitive advantage in retail industry (Knox, 2015). It is posing intense competition for Woolworths with the name of its parent company, i.e. Wesfarmers Limited. Technology Advancement In todays competitive business environment, the organizations prefer to use modern and advanced technologies, so that they can deliver their products and services effectively. Woolworths is facing the issues related due to advancement in technology and technology resources. It has a large impact on organization and its marketing strategy, as other competitors are using advanced technology for manufacturing and delivery their product and services (Kalia, 2017). The retail stores are using latest billing technology to deliver fast services. Amazon is one of the best examples that are using drone delivery service that is leading it ahead. Apart from this, there are some other areas of Woolworths service delivery, where company is unable to implement advanced technology. These areas are such as; supply chain management, smart phone marketing, synching inventory and securing the confidential information of regular customers. It is the major reason that Woolworths is facing issues, as its competitors have already adopted effective technologies and strategies to attract customers (Pasquier, Villeneuve, 2017). Supply Chain Issues Supply chain management is the most important process for the organization, operating business in retail and supermarket industry. It is essential for a retail organization to manage its supply chain as it includes all the processes from production to distribution of products. Woolworths is a growing retail store in Australia and it has various suppliers for supplying its products. However, the company is facing various challenges related to supply chain management, like; wholesale order delivery of products at dock and lack of space for storage for some specific products (Fernie, Sparks, 2014). In addition to this, the organization has established an inappropriate tracking system for ordering and receiving the products. Due to this, the company has to bear Bullwhip effect and people of company stand helpless for not enough delivery of products by its suppliers. It has an inappropriate inventory management system, so it is failed to deliver the quality products to its customers. It is affecting marketing strategies and brand image of Woolworths in Australian retail market (Scott Walker, 2010). Increase in Raw material costs This is another issue, which is affecting the business operations of Woolworths adversely. In Australia, costs of raw materials are increasing continuously, so that organization needs to implement higher pricing strategy. Setting a higher pricing strategy declines the customer base of organization. Due to this, Woolworths has lost its regular customers for its retail products and services (Meffert, 2013). Increased costs of raw materials and labor add more cost to the manufactured products that means company should increase the prices of products. By doing this, company has failed to gain enough profits and revenues, which can balance its cost of production and manufacturing. Recommendations However, Woolworth is a leading player in Australian retail industry, but brand image and marketing of this organization got affected due to above-mentioned issues. To resolve these issues, the company should make changes in its marketing strategies under marketing mix framework (Khan, 2011). There are some recommendations for 8Ps of marketing mix, which are given for Woolworths to overcome these issues and establish effective marketing process. These recommendations are stated below; As far as it is concerned with the product component of Woolworths marketing mix, the organization should focus on diversifying its product segments. The company should manufacture its products by using effective and advanced technologies and procedures. By the use of modern technology, it should start offering more products and services and it should not only depend on grocery and departmental stores. By focusing on technology production, the company will be able to deal with competition in Australian retail industry (Nenycz-Thiel, 2011). Woolworths Organizations should establish the prices by considering the needs of market. The company has offered so many products, which prices are comparatively higher than its competitors. It can harm the organizational image and profits for long term. Thus, it is recommended that the company should make investment in more profitable businesses that will increase its revenues and profits (Seo, and Jang, 2013). Under its place strategy, the company should expand its distribution network and open its stores in countries of Asia. In addition to this, the company should focus on resolving the supply chain issues and hire some more suppliers. It should enhance the quality of its products for regaining its brand image among Australian population. As discussed above, promotion is one of the most important marketing strategies under marketing mix. It can be recommended that Woolworth should make more investment in advertising and promotional activities. It should use effective technologies in its advertising and promotional campaigns for effective communication of brand message to target audiences (Sinapuelas, Wang, Bohlmann, 2015). Woolworths Organization should focus on delivery process and improve the supply chain management. In addition to this, the organization should use some innovative process for providing a better shopping experience to customers. It should develop better relationships with suppliers to reduce the cost of raw materials. The organization should conduct a training process for enhancing the skills and abilities of its human resources. They should be aware about the stock excess and stock out at its retail stores. By doing this, the company will be able to retain its existing customers and create new customers. Under partnership strategy, Woolworths Organization should partner with the large scale organizations also. The company can connect with the organizations, which are using advanced technologies and have sufficient resources. It can expand its business in US by partnering with a leading retailer, i.e. Wal-Mart. This partnership will be very profitable for the growth and success of Woolworths business (Thomas, 2017). Physical Evidence For the physical retail business, it is very important to manage the physical evidence effectively. In the case of physical sales, the Woolworths Organization should focus on improving the ambience of retail store. The stores should be clean and very attractive. Staff at organization should be customer friendly and helping, so that customer can have a better shopping experience (Dominici, 2009). Thus, Woolworths Organization should consider the above given recommendations, so that it can make a better image and reputation in the industry. By resolving these issues, the company will be able to attain more competitive advantage over its competing brands. Conclusion It is hereby concluded that marketing mix is one of the most important approach under marketing management process. Each and every organization needs to focus on its marketing strategies to deliver its products and services to final customers. Form this report, it can be concluded that Woolworths Organization is implementing effective marketing strategies to communicate its brand message and offer products to target customers. It has employed better and efficient processes under its marketing mix framework. Now, the company is planning to expand its business by introducing new products and services. In its organizational life, the company is facing various issues, like; supply chain, competition and technology advancement. These issues affected the brand image of organization adversely. At the end, some recommendations are provided, which will assist the organization to overcome the issues and regain its brand image in future. By doing this, the company will be able to expand its bus iness in other countries and establish its retail stores all over the world. References Alembakis, R. (2017). Woolworths facing shareholder resolution asking for human rights supply chain disclosure. Retrieved from https://theconstantinvestor.com/woolworths-facing-shareholder-resolution-asking-human-rights-supply-chain-disclosure/. (Accessed on 4th February 2018). Beamish, K. Ashford, R. (2008). Marketing planning. London: Elsevier Science. Dominici, G. (2009). From Marketing Mix to e-Marketing Mix: a literature overview and classification. IJBM, Dumas, M., La Rosa, M., Mendling, J., Reijers, H. A. (2013). Fundamentals of business process management (Vol. 1, p. 2). Heidelberg: Springer. Engel, J.F., Warshaw, M.R. Kinnear, T.C. (2010). Promotional strategy: managing the marketing communications process. 8th ed. Indiana: Irwin. Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Hanssens, D. M., Pauwels, K. H., Srinivasan, S., Vanhuele, M., Yildirim, G. (2014). Consumer attitude metrics for guiding marketing mix decisions.Marketing Science,33(4), 534-550. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer, New York, NY. Kalia, P. (2017). Service quality scales in online retail: methodological issues.International Journal of Operations Production Management,37(5), 630-663. Khan, S. (2011). Marketing Mix Strategy Adaptation: A Retail Organisations Response To The Global Economic Downturn. Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Knox, M. (2015).Supermarket monsters: The price of Coles and Woolworths' dominance(Vol. 6). Black Inc. Kotler, P. (2015). Framework for marketing management. Pearson Education India. Lam, W. and Harker, M. J., (2015). Marketing and entrepreneurship: An integrated view from the entrepreneurs perspective: International Small Business Journal. 33(3). pp.321-348. Low, C. (2016). Coles, Woolworths, Aldi price war gets personal with cut-price tissues and toothpaste.The Sydney Morning Herald. Meffert, H. (2013). Marketing-Management: Analyse Strategie Implementierung. Springer-Verlag. Nenycz-Thiel, M. (2011). Private labels in Australia: A case where retailer concentration does not predicate private labels share. Journal of Brand Management, 18(8), 624-633. Pasquier, M., Villeneuve, J. P. (2017). Marketing management and communications in the public sector. Routledge. Seo, S. and Jang, S.S., (2013). The roles of brand equity and branding strategy: a study of restaurant food crises: International Journal of Hospitality Management. 34. pp.192-201. Sinapuelas, I. C. S., Wang, H. M. D., Bohlmann, J. D. (2015). The interplay of innovation, brand, and marketing mix variables in line extensions.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,43(5), 558-573. Scott, P., Walker, J. (2010). Advertising, promotion, and the competitive advantage of interwar British department stores.The Economic History Review,63(4), 1105-1128. Thomas, S. (2017). Woolworths' nightmare in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/money-and-investing/2017-02-23-woolworths-nightmare-in-australia/. (Accessed on 4th February 2018) Woolworthsgroup, (2018). Woolworths supermarkets, Accessed on 4th February 2018, https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/supermarkets/Woolworths.

Linguistics and Language free essay sample

In this essay, I will explain as well as compare two theories of first language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. I will explore the differences between them in such categories as the role of the learner, the role of the environment and as well as their strengths and weaknesses. I will then state and explain which one I find more tenable with examples of relevant literature. Role of the Learner Behaviorism, credited to B. F. Skinner in the 1950s, states that the learner knows nothing to start with, he is an empty slate [o1] to be taught. The learner is passive and learns by positive-negative reinforcement, only repeating what he hears. Innatism, credited to Noam Chomsky in 1965, states that the learner is wired from birth for language. The learner is equipped with a LAD, a language acquisition device. This device allows the learner to discover the rules of his language, any language. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Role of the Environment Behaviorism states that the role of the environment is key and vital to the learning process. The environment is the active agent while the learner is the passive agent. The environment produces the necessary language input for the learner. It is up to the environment to give positive and negative reinforcement for the learner. Innatism states that the role of the environment is minimal because it only acts as the trigger for learning. It is also thought the environment is flawed and can’t be relied upon to always give perfect information. Therefore, it is up to the learner to find the rules of the language[o2] . Strengths There are a few strengths to support the behaviorism theory. It is easy to monitor the learners’ performance. This is how parents (as teachers) usually teach their children, through nurturing which puts emphasis on the role of the environment. This theory can also explain why learners have the ability to memorize. On the other hand, there are several strengths of the innatism theory. A learner cannot memorize all the possible different language and grammar combinations that he learns through the environment. The LAD helps the learner to generalize rules and make his own creative use of the language. A child will resist using an irregular form because of over-generalizing, and he will create his own form of a word according to the rules that he has internalized. And these rules don’t necessarily conform to adult grammar rules which include many exceptions. By applying these internalized and generalized rules, a child is able to acquire a language at a fast pace. [o3] Weaknesses The Behaviorism theory only accounts for the performance of the learner, and not on his competence. The learner is passive, so this theory does not focus on the learner’s mind and knowledge. It also does not explain why children acquire a language so quickly even if they are exposed to different environments. In addition, this theory also doesn’t offer an explanation of why children over-generalize rules such as the simple past tense of irregular verbs even though they hear irregular forms in the environment. There are also several weaknesses to the Innatism theory. One of the first weaknesses is that it demands the existence of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), its existence is difficult to prove and is immeasurable. This theory also doesn’t take into account different kinds of learners, just ideal learners with ideal grammar. The environment plays a minor role in this theory, so it doesn’t take into account the social aspect of the learner. My Opinion Looking at the two of these theories, I find the Innatism theory the most tenable. In my own experience with my children and students, the learners do not always model my behavior. This usually occurs with irregular patterns, particularly past tense verbs. This is similar to the â€Å"wug† test where a child will form a past tense of a verb that he has never heard before by applying the general grammar rules that he has learned. This behavior cannot be memorized and must be driven by an internal structure. Another reason to support this theory is that learners with impaired intelligence have been able to learn the structure of language. It has also been proven that American Sign Language which is taught to the deaf also has its own language structure. In addition, the creation of Creole languages supports the theory. As a Creole develops, grammar and structure are built in. The LAD would account for the formation of these languages as well as for creative uses of language by a learner. Conclusion In this essay I have explained two theories of language acquisition, behaviorism and innatism. In doing so, I have explained the different roles of the learner as well as the environment. I have also explored strengths and weaknesses of each theory and why I support the innatism theory over the behaviorism theory[o4] . [o1]Good one, I forgot this in my essay [o2]Do you think you should mention poverty of stimulus here? [o3]ording? Universal grammar is built off of two propositions, that all languages are governed by a set of universal principles, and that the mind is equipped with parameters which are set intuitively by the child according to the language input they receive. UG researchers have found a number of universal principles. One of the more prominent principles is structure dependency. Structure dependency states that all sentences regardless of the language are built off of propositions that carry both a noun and a verb phrase; in other words, every sentence in every language must have at least a subject and a verb (Chomsky, 1959). One parameter setting that is contained in the LAD is the head setting. Some languages such as English are head first, other languages such as Japanese are head last. Various arguments have been used to support the existence of universal grammar. Chomsky (1959) has proposed the poverty of the stimulus argument, positing that the input children receive cannot account for what they produce, and therefore, children must have an innate facility. He argues that the input is marred in two ways; first it contains a hodgepodge of performance slips, and secondly, it does not contain any negative evidence. How do children acquire language when they don’t know what they can’t say, or how do they learn to speak correctly when the input they here is at times in correct? They do so, according to Chomsky, through this innate capacity. Jackendoff (1994) offers another argument in support of universal grammar, the argument from expressive variety. Jackendoff argues that given that languages are recursive, there is simply no way of storing all of the possible sentences one can create in one’s mind. In other words, sentences don’t come from habits, but rather from creative expression. Universal grammar has had a lot of capital in language acquisition theory, although it has been critiqued on some fronts. Connectionists, particularly, N. Ellis (2006) has argued that language acquisition is not due to an innate faculty and the creative expression of humans, but equates it to a usage-based approach where children learning piecemeal frequently reoccurring chunks of language. Another argument against the innate language faculty is that UG researchers have claimed that only humans have access to syntax, yet this has been found not to be true. Certain animals, such as the humpback whale and songbirds have been found to possess a recursive syntax, suggesting that syntax and language may have evolved from lower order primates. Whereas universal grammar begins with language from the inside, Sociocultural theory, another prominent first language acquisition, posits language acquisition begins from the outside. Vygotsky, the founder of sociocultural theory, argues that language is a psychological tool, which children acquire and learn to manipulate as they interact with their environment and with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978). Children first learn language as they interact with their parents. Parents use caretaker speech, which makes it easier for the child to understand and grasp a hold on the concepts of the language. As the child begins to understand and produce simple utterances, they are able to use the language to mediate their psychological functioning (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky argues that children begin learning language by first learning single words, which are pure meaning. As they develop their language skills, and engage in social speech, single word sentences are augmented through incorporation of non-meaningful elements, such as function  words, and the child’s thoughts and words begin to develop more sense meanings. For instance, where the word ‘cat’ for the 1 or two year old child could have served as an exemplar for all cats, by the time the child is nine, and having undergone a variety of experiences related to cat, they have imbibed the word with their own unique s enses. Thus syntax and word senses expand, the more a child learns. Now, whereas social speech began from one and developed into many, inner speech, the speech that goes on inside of our heads becomes more and more truncated. Vygotsky argues, contrary to Piaget, that egocentric speech does not ‘disappear’ rather it becomes internalized as inner speech. And this inner speech is something that could not be understood by anybody but the person who is thinking it. Vygotsky suggests that just as people who have known each other for many years, and who have had a large amount of experiences together exhibit language tendencies of shortened syntax because of their historical shared experience, a person’s inner speech also exhibits this characteristic, but even more so; the stuff of thought is nothing but psychological predicates (Vygotsky, 1978). One of the primary ways humans learn anything, according to Vygotsky, is through the zone of proximal development. This concept explains that what a person can do today with assistance, they can do tomorrow by themselves (Vygotsky, 1978). Applied to first language acquisition, the child may receive help from an expert, such as their parents, who point at objects and say their name, for example, cat. After seeing this, the child may repeat ‘cat’ immediately after. The next day, as the child sees the cat, it says the word ‘cat’ without needing to be told by their parents. Chomsky maintains that languages consist of an infinite number of sentences and cannot be learned through habit formation. Language is too complex to be learned in such a short amount of time (Chomsky, 1959). He believes that every human is born with an innate language learning capacity, which is embedded in the language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky believes that all language share grammatical structures. This is called universal grammar (UG). Proof of UG includes poverty of stimulus, which explains how children acquire the language despite their limited exposure and incorrect input they may receive. Another evidence for UG that languages are recursive, (Jackendoff, 1994). It is impossible to know all the possible combinations; however, they are learned by children. According to UG, there must be some sort of innate capacity that provides the additional information. The fact that children are resistant to correction once again proves that language is developed through an innate capacity. According to Chomsky (1959), all languages share principles, which are invariable across languages. For example, noun phrases and verb phrases. This is called structure dependency. All languages have verbs and nouns. What distinguishes languages from each other according to Chomsky, are parameters, which are language specific. For example, some languages are head first, and some are head last. In relation to UG, Eric Lenneberg (1967) introduced the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH), which is a window of language learning opportunity before puberty. Proponents of CPH believe after this period, language learning becomes a much more difficult task and adults tend to rely on other mechanisms such as problem solving skills, reasoning, and deductive instruction to learn a language. Evidence of the CP is for example abused children, who despite being removed from the environment where they were deprived of social contact, were not able to learn the language. There have been many criticisms to Chomsky’s UG, for example, the LAD cannot be located and is immeasurable. Also, Chomsky’s theories overlook the effects of social contact and the environment on language learning. Social interactionist Vygotsky (1978) was a strong proponent of the social interaction hypothesis. He believed that learning takes place through social interaction, and give and take of information with caregivers, parents, or peers. According to Vygotsky, children begin with external speech, which could consist of one word only, but have the meaning of a whole sentence. Gradually, as the child grows older, he develops more complex and longer sentences and associates more meaning with his words. A child also engages in private speech (similar to adults), which is usually meant for problem solving or thinking out loud, but is not meant for sharing although articulated. Vygotsky believes that as the child develops more linguistic skills, this private speech becomes internalized and turns into inner speech, which is pure meaning, and does not consist of subjects; it is predicated. In direct opposition to the environment being the active participant in language learning, Chomsky flips behaviorism on its head and presents the learner as having a primary role while environment becomes secondary. Within the Universal Grammar Theory (UG), Noam Chomsky (1959) presents a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that is responsible for the language learning process. Purely biological, language is filtered through the innate LAD that is structured with principles that are unchanging and parameters that vary according to the language being learned. Proofs to support this theory are many. Syntax and the head-first/head-last parameter are two such proofs. As a child learns language, they hold to one of only two possibilities in any given language – head-first and head-last – and language is formed through recursion and syntactic movement that follow a pattern within a particular language. This shows that language is rule-governed and that the LAD is programmed with language foundations from which a child can develop. That children are resistant to correction follows this same thought as they develop language through the LAD. Language \is not linked to intelligence as we see in brain damaged adults who are completely coherent in language skills and others who are cognitively normal but cannot speak correctly. Stroke victims also show that, depending on the area of the brain that is affected, intelligence and speech are not linked. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasias show that certain areas of the brain affe ct speech while intelligence remains unaffected. As evidenced by the Gopnik family, genetic impairments have also proven that a glitch in the UG can be passed down from one generation to another, thus proving that the LAD is indeed biological (Jackendoff, 113). Eric Lenneberg’s Critical Period Hypothesis (1967) and the cases of â€Å"wild children† are yet further evidence. Lenneberg holds that the LAD becomes dormant or ineffective after a certain age – around the age of 12 – and this is why children acquire language so much more quickly than adults who are attempting the same. Through these studies of particular children who did not learn language and who were void of contact with language as a whole, it shows that the younger the child, the more fully they were able to learn language. Once a child was passed the age of 12 or so, they were unable to acquire proper language skills. The younger children were not only able to learn more adequately but then went on to continue in the language learning process as a normal adult would. As many proofs as there are for Chomsky’s UG and the LAD, criticisms are plentiful as well. First and foremost, where is the evidence that a device like LAD exists? It certainly has not been located in the brain, therefore, it remains immeasurable and some have serious doubt as to its legitimacy. This theory also limits the role of the environment and gives no account for the social context of the language learning process. It idealizes the speaker and the grammar itself to a certain degree and packages the entire process a bit too neatly. Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piaget’s (1955) work in cognitive development is foundational on many levels. Watching his own children, nature, and certain study groups of young children, Piaget introduces a theory that is completely developmental. As a child is ready and developed (both biologically and cognitively), they are able to assimilate, accommodate and adapt new experiences. Underlying in this theory is reasoning and logic. The role of the environment is minimal and the learner is vital but only as they are cognitively developed and ready for new experiences. A child will not learn what they are not cognitively developed to receive at that point no matter what the instruction. Piaget holds to the notion of children developing schema. As a new experience is received and they are biologically and cognitively ready to receive it, they will develop new schema to fit into the framework of schema that they already have developed. This theory also relies heavily on egocentric and socialized speech with each one serving a different function. Egocentric speech is what is used (mainly by children) when words and thoughts are spoken out loud but the one speaking is only dealing with their own thoughts and ideas. Socialized speech is a shift away from egocentric speech where one simply derives pleasure from speaking to being a way of exchanging their ideas or opinions. Although Piaget’s work and theory is critical, it neither accounts for the child’s behavior as a whole nor for the cognitive development after the stage of ‘formal operation’ is reached. It offers vast insight into the developmental process of a child but little instruction on attaining language skills. It was also based solely on a Western model and is therefore quite limiting. SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Input Output Hypotheses As a result of older models of language teaching where attention was given to language grammar, Krashen (1981) places his focus on communication input. He contends that if the learner is given a chance to absorb the language, they will be better equipped to acquire it. Rather than forcing output immediately, Krashen holds to a silent period where learners have the privilege of just listening to language before attempting it†¦much like a young child would in learning their mother tongue. Comprehensible input (i + 1) is the formula that Krashen holds to for optimal language learning for second language learners (SLLs). This states that if a SLL is offered input that is only slightly beyond what they already know, acquisition will take place. He also makes a differentiation between language learning and language acquisition, claiming that acquisition is what is needed for the language learning process. Criticisms of Krashen’s hypothesis are that input alone cannot account for acquisition and that some grammatical forms cannot be learned without being taught. Swain (1985) introduces her Output Hypothesis in contrast to Krashen and claims that no matter the input, if the output is unintelligible, acquisition has not truly occurred. It is the output that forces learners to grapple with the grammatical processing and figure out what works. Through output, a learner can realize their problem areas, can experiment with new areas they are unsure of, and gives them the chance to analyze problems they are having in their language learning process. Linguistics and Language free essay sample Language Comprehension †¢Language Production †¢Language Acquisition Psycholinguistics is a branch of cognitive science What will be covered in this class? †¢ How do we produce and recognize speech? †¢ How do we perceive words, letters, and sentences? †¢ How do we learn and recall information from texts? †¢ How can we improve texts to make them easier to understand? †¢ How does the brain function to process language? †¢ What are the causes and effects of reading disabilities? Is there language in other species? Central themes in psycholinguistics 1)  What knowledge of language is needed for us to use language? Tacit (implicit) knowledge vs. Explicit knowledge †¢ tacit: knowledge of how to perform something, but not aware of full rules †¢ explicit: knowledge of the processes of mechanisms in performing that thing 2)  What cognitive processes are involved in the ordinary use of language? How do we understand a lecture, read a book, hold a conversation? Cognitive processes: perception, memory, thinking, learning Some definitions of basic components of language: Semantics: The meaning of words and sentences Syntax: The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence or phrase Phonology: The sound pattern of language Pragmatics: How language is used in a social context Examples from psycholinguistics Parsing garden path sentences The novice accepted the deal before he had a chance to check his finances, which put him in a state of conflict when he realized he had a straight flush. We will write a custom essay sample on Linguistics and Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1) The defendant examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable 2) The evidence examined by the lawyer turned out to be unreliable The process of parsing is the process of making decisions The effect of prior knowledge on comprehension The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do. If you have to go somewhere else due to lack of facilities, that is the next step; otherwise you are pretty well set. It is important not to overdo things. That is, it is better to do too few things at once than too many. In the short run this may not seem important, but complications can easily arise. A mistake can be expensive as well. At first the whole procedure will seem complicated. Soon, however, it will become just another facet of life. It is difficult to foresee any end to the necessity for this task in the immediate future, but then one never can tell. After the procedure is completed, one arranges the materials into different groups again. Then they can be put into their appropriate places. Eventually they will be used once more, and the whole cycle will then have to be repeated. However, that is part of life. Bransford amp; Johnson, 1973 Recall: No context: 2. 8 idea units out of a maximum of 18 Context afterwards: 2. 7 idea units Context before: 5. 8 idea units Child language development How many words do you know? Hint: Dictionary has about: 450,000 entries Test high school graduates: How many words do they know? About 45,000 english words About 60,000 including names and foreign words The average six year old knows about 13,000 words. Learning about 10 words per day since age 1. (One every 90 minutes) How much do we have to teach children to learn language? Do you have to teach a child to walk? Is it the same way of learning a language? My teacher holded the baby rabbits and we patted them I eated my dinner A brief history of psycholinguistics Wilhem Wundt (early 1900s) Interest in mental processes of language production Sentence as the primary unit of language †¢ Speech production is the transformation of complete thought processes into sequentially organized speech segments. Behaviorism (1920s-1950s) †¢ Rejected the focus on mental processes †¢ Measurement based on objective behavior (primarily in lab animals) †¢ How does experience (reward and punishment) shape behavior? B. F. Skinner: Children learn language through shaping (correction of speech errors) Associative chain theory: A sentence consists of a chain of associations between individual words in the sentence What’s wrong with the behaviorist approach? Noam Chomsky (1950s present) 1) Colorless green ideas sleep furiously 2) Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. 3)  George picked up the baby 4)  George picked the baby up. Almost every sentence uttered is a new combination of words The Poverty of stimulus argument: There is not enough information in the language samples given to children to account for the richnes and complexity of children’s language The pattern of development is not based on parental speech but on  innate  language knowledge Linguistic Diversity vs. Linguistic Universals Linguistic diversity There appears to be a lot of diversity among languages Even within languages there is diversity When are two languages different? We speak the same language if we can understand each other Exceptions: Norwegian and Swedish Cantonese and Mandarin Dialects within languages: The myth of pure language How/why do languages change? Why does there seem to be a correct English? Members of the dominant (most powerful) sub-culture tend to speak one dialect and may punish those who do not Linguistic Chauvinism Belief that one’s own language/dialect is the best of all possible languages Black English Vernacular (BEV) Study by William Labov Interviewed African-American street youth You know, like some people say if you’re good an’ sh*t, your spirit goin’ t’heaven . . . ‘n if you bad, your spirit goin’ to hell. Well, bullsh*t! Your spirit goin’ to hell anyway, good or bad. [Why? ] Why? I’ll tell you why. ‘Cause, you see, doesn’ nobody really know that it’s a God, y’know, ‘cause I mean I have seen black gods, white gods, all color gods, and don’t nobody know it’s really a God. An’ when they be sayin’ if you good, you goin’ t’heaven, tha’s bullsh*t, ‘cause you ain’t goin’ to no heaven, ‘cause it ain’t no heaven for you to go to. †¢ Place holders: There vs. It in the copula Copula: Is, Was optional †¢ Negatives: You ain’t goin’ to no heaven BEV just as linguistically complex as Standard American English We don’t see/understand the complexity in other languages Moral: All languages seem to permit as wide range of expressions as others Linguistic Universals What is in common with all languages? Sentences are built from words based on the same physiological processes †¢ All languages have words †¢ All humans have ways of making sounds. †¢ Languages tend to use a small set of phonemic sounds †¢ Phoneme: The minimal unit of sound that contributes to meaning How many phonemes in a language? English: 40 phonemes †¢ Range: Polynesian 11 to Khoisan 141 Discreteness Messages in human language (e. g. speech sounds) are made up of units of which there is a discrete (limited) number Arbitrariness The relationship between meaningful elements in language and their denotation is independent of any physical resemblance between the two. Words do not have to look or sound like what they describe Openness †¢ New linguistic messages are created freely and easily †¢ Languages are not constrained in a way so that there are a limited number of messages that can be created.

Letter to an Atheist †Theology Essay

Letter to an Atheist – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Letter to an Atheist Theology Essay Dear friend, Over the years, we have conversed about the existence of God. We have discussed creation and the unlikely theory that this vast, varied, and complex universe could have just come into existence by accident or have evolved over a trillion years. We have considered the Apostle Paul’s argument that from the creation of the world people have seen the earth and the sky and all that God made. They can clearly see his invisible qualities – his eternal power and divine nature. So they are without excuse whatsoever for not knowing God. (See Romans 1:19-20.) These observations and other reasoning’s seemingly did not convince you of the existence of an almighty, awesome, and loving God. A God we can know personally and who knows us personally. (See Psalm 139.) You have had friends and now a dear loved one die. â€Å"The question now comes back to me,† you say, â€Å"How does one face death? I’m an atheist, but I have no idea what’s on the other side. Is there an after life? When someone dies, I often think about what happens – where do they go?† My friend, that’s a very perceptive and critical question. I think that it was Mark Twain who observed that there are only two things certain in life – death and taxes. â€Å"Everyone must die.† This trite sentence conceals a mass of questions, problems, yearnings, and troubles that have plagued all of us at some time in our lives. Is death the end of everything? Is this life as good as it gets? Or, is there an eternal life? Someone once said that there are no atheists in a foxhole. Perhaps that is true. In the book The Faith Letters by Helmut Thielicke, the story is told about the death of the wife of an older member of their project group in Germany. Some friends from America sent a letter of sympathy to the grieving gentleman. â€Å"Dear E-, . . . It would be of little use to come to you now with pious clichà ©s. But you should know that we suffer with you, that we accompany you in love upon your lonely way and that your name is spoken again and again in our prayers. Those who do not know God can only see death as the archfiend. For them it is the end and severs their relationship with everything we consider dear and valuable. For us Christians, however, it is only an incident, hardly an interruption. In the New Testament we are repeatedly struck by the spirit of joy which overcomes the pain of death. We pray that this certainty may also be yours . . .† The letter refers to â€Å"the incident of death†. The terror of death often appears as the absolute end. Consider how many deal with death. In many countries, funeral homes no longer use black hearses, but are â€Å"disguising† them in neutral colors. People are getting away from many customs of grieving to keep from reminding them of death. In the New Testament we are always struck by the spirit of joy concerning death. The focus is not on the way people â€Å"experience† death. The basis of the New Testament’s message and hope is not the human incapacity to bear death in its harshness but the defeat of death itself by and through Jesus Christ. Thielicke says, â€Å"The New Testament is thus not concerned how death can be made subjectively bearable, but with the victory over death as an objective power.† My friend, you ask â€Å"What happens in the end?† The Apostle Paul addressed that question. â€Å"If in this life only we have hope (in Christ), we are of all men most miserable† (I Corinthians 15:19). He further declared, â€Å"I face death daily . . . And what value was there in fighting wild beasts . . . if there be no resurrection from the dead? If there is no resurrection, let’s feast and get drunk, for tomorrow we die!† (I Corinthians 15:31-32 NLT). The hope and teaching of the Word of God is resurrection. Death is not the end. Death was conquered by Jesus when he arose from the dead on the third day, victorious over death, hell, and the grave. Jesus says, â€Å"Because I live you shall live also.† Jesus gave this promise to Martha after raising Lazarus from the dead, ‘I am the resurrection and the life. Those who believe in me, even though they die like everyone else, will live again. They are given eternal life for believing in me and will never perish . . .† (John 11:25-26 NLT). When we put faith in Christ and receive him as Savior and Lord, He takes us into His fellowship and will never let us go. He will go with us through deaths door and he will, as in the conversation with the penitent thief on the cross, â€Å"be with us in Paradise† (Luke 23:43). My friend, I noticed that the words â€Å"Love Says It All† was stamped on the back of the envelope that your letter came in. It’s so true. Paul writes concerning the power of Easter, â€Å"Neither death nor life . . . can separate us from the love of God that is revealed in Christ Jesus our Lord† (Romans 8:38-39 NLT). How do we face death? Look to the one who is victor over death – Jesus Christ. â€Å"For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten son that whosoever believes in Him shall not perish but has eternal life† (John 3:16). Research Papers on Letter to an Atheist - Theology EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Fifth HorsemanTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBringing Democracy to Africa

Enlightened Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enlightened Shareholder Value - Essay Example The concept of shareholder value holds that company directors must tailor their policies to be in line with the interests of the shareholders of the company1. Directors are therefore expected to steer the operations of the company with the maximization of the shareholder’s interests as the main priority. The United Kingdom established the Company Law Review Steering Group (CLRSG) in late 1990s and mandated it to come up with a detailed review of English company law. At the end of its exercise, the CLRSG noted that the country’s legal system, like other Western jurisdictions, prefers shareholder value. The CLRSG indicated that the current legal system reflects the reality that business organizations are run in such a way that the shareholders often benefit. That is, the legal system confers upon shareholders absolute powers in the management of the local companies, such that the mandate of the directors is basically to exercise delegated power. Additionally, the CLRSG st ated that the crucial goal of business organizations is to create maximum gains for the investors in the short term as opposed to long-term goals2. This paper examines the argument that the enlightened shareholder value principle is a sophisticated restatement rather than a refutation of the principle of shareholder primacy. ... This is especially true even after the latest repeals to the body of law as envisaged in the Companies Act 2006. It is arguable that, unlike the largely fair structures of company law, English case law has consistently reaffirmed the primacy of shareholders. The courts have traditionally held that any public business organization should be managed to the advantage of the membership or shareholders3. However, the CLRSG has recommended a change of tack. To this end, the reviewing body supported the implementation of the principle of enlightened shareholder value (ESV)4. Section 172(1) of the Companies Act 2006 mainly captures the provision for the ESV. The provision reaffirms the management of every company should be done with respect to the interests of the shareholders. The section basically upholds the principle of shareholder value, but limits the formerly absolute benefits of the group by introducing the rule and the need for due respect for the interests of other stakeholders5. T his is arguably a proposal for a new doctrine in the English law, in the sense that section 172(1) conditionally supports the primacy of the interests of the shareholder. The requirement, which could be interpreted as the enlightened aspect of the shareholder value, underscores the doctrine of due attention to the value of non-share-holders as well. The latest law has brought about far-reaching legal implications in the understanding of the provision. Responses to the new clause among legal opinions may be divided into two categories: supporters and detractors of the enlightened shareholder value rule. It can be argued that section 172(1) is actually a modest but well thought-out principle that will balance the

A Profile of Mr Bean's Carrier in Comedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Profile of Mr Bean's Carrier in Comedy - Essay Example Mr. Bean’s humor is atypical for a British sitcom. For example, British comedy series usually employ satire, parody, sarcasm and dry humor. But breaking away from this tradition, Mr. Bean thrives on a mix of visual and physical humor. While it is logical to believe that this type of slapstick humor appeals to children and adolescents, Mr. Bean’s appeal is near universal spanning across age, gender, cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Described as â€Å"a child in a grown man’s body†, the endearing character goes about everyday tasks in a disruptive yet funny manner. Mr. Bean, or for that matter any other character in the series, speaks much. This adaption to the ‘silent movie’ genre works very well, as it resonates with classic comic works of Charlie Chaplin, Laurel & Hardy, etc. Background laughs are added to accentuate the effect and to imply humor. The recurring motifs of the show, in the form of the troublesome car, the tenuous love affair with Irma Gobb, his most intimate companion the Teddy bear, etc, all help to heighten the humor. Childlike in his behavior and thoughts, Mr. Bean gets himself into various sorts of crises. Though some of the situations he gets himself into are serious, most of them are light and trivial. Moreover, Mr. Bean is always finding new ways of annoying and offending people around him. The plots are constructed in such a manner that comedy takes precedence over realism or credibility of situations. This is not such as bad thing for the audience as they get maximum worth out of the time spent. It is a testament to the success of the TV series, that movie and animation adaptations followed - Bean: The Ultimate Disaster Movie and Mr. Bean (animated) respectively. Books and DVD’s inspired by the original show also came forth. The outstanding commercial success of the show and its adaptations are complemented by critical appreciation as well.  

Organizational Change Plan - Part II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational Change Plan - Part II - Essay Example Some of the metrics that can be used to monitor the implementation process include the transformation of work processes through improved access to patient data and communication in the organization. The systems should provide the required transaction information. Some of the success factors for EMR implementation include the clarity of vision, the stakeholder commitment level, the effectiveness of change management teams, the leadership capability, the change communication strategies and the alignment of the EMR change management with the organizational culture. Organizational change plan- part II Introduction Electronic Medical records consist of several software applications that are integrated to input, store and output patient medical data and information (Rodrigues, 2010). EMR include the physician order entry, integrated communication systems with laboratories, decision support systems, and data entry systems. EMR increase efficiency of information access and enable standardiza tion of the medical information documentation (Carter, 2008). Physicians can easily access and review huge volumes of patient data on previous disease history, allergies, laboratory tests and medication administered. Electronic Medical record can be divided in to EMR standards that include the patient privacy and security issues, the EMR infrastructure that include the telecommunication systems (Rodrigues, 2010). The other parts of EMR includes the information content like summaries and health delivery history and change management that is concerned with acceptability of the system by the users and availability of a skilled workforce to efficiently utilize the EMR (Walker, Bierber, & Richards, 2006). The EMR will improve staff productivity since laboratory information can be easily accessed in the form of text, graphs and tables that are convenient to interpret. Data entry procedures are simplified and drug prescription tools in the system reduce the time required for medication ren ewals (Carter, 2008). EMR will provide decision support systems that will improve medical diagnosis, treatment and prescription. The system will also reduce the costs associated with test ordering and prescription since the patient medical data is readily available. The systems will support primary patient care through a disease management system due to a better understanding of the population health need trends overtime (Rodrigues, 2010). However, there are certain concerns or issues that may arise due to implementation of the EMR. Some of the issues include patient privacy of confidential information, the costs associated with implementation of the EMR and possible staff resistance of the change occasioned by EMR implementation (Carter, 2008). Some methods that can be used to monitor the implementation of the proposed change include random sampling of patients at predetermined intervals in order to monitor the efficiency in the health care delivery process (Carter, 2008). Another method of monitoring is the stakeholder analysis in order to assess whether the users and stakeholder needs have been attained. For instance, it is important to analyse the staff acceptability level and the level of motivation after the EMR implementation (Rodrigues, 2010). Documentation review can be used to ascertain whether the EMR systems are meeting the expected

Social Exclusion Of Different Types Of People Social Work Essay

Social Exclusion Of Different Types Of People Social Work Essay To what extent are EITHER children OR people with disabilities OR older people OR people with illnesses socially excluded? Social exclusion is a blend of multi-dimensional and mutually reinforcing processes of deprivation associated with a progressive dissociation from social milieus, resulting in the isolation of individuals and groups from the main-stream of opportunities society has to offer (Vleminckx and Berghman, 2001, p6) In this piece of work I am going to discuss the notion of social exclusion using the service user group of people with learning disabilities to give examples of social exclusion and to show what the Government is doing to tackle social exclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The quote above is a complex description of the term social exclusion, and perhaps a simpler explanation would be the definition given by BMJ Journals (2001) which defines social exclusion as the inability of our society to keep all groups and individuals within reach of what we expect as a society and the tendency to push vulnerable and difficult individuals into the least popular places (p1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exclusion is linked to a persons identity, and the identity of a person that has been excluded becomes oppressed, which in turn leads to the person finding it difficult to control their own life, and which inevitably leads to further exclusion from society (Dominelli, 2002). It is also important to realise that when discussing exclusion you must also need to take into account the Government initiatives on inclusion, as these initiatives are proactive rather than reactive, which means they react to the problem instead of trying to prevent the problem before it arises (Thompson, 2001). The report, Inclusion through Innovation: Tackling Social Exclusion Through New Technologies is a good example of how exclusion and inclusion are linked together (www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk, 2006). This report explores the improvement of the quality of life for the most excluded groups in society by using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to meet their complex needs (www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk, 2006). The Joint Report on Social Protection and Social Inclusion, that was published by the EU in 2005, tells us how a well designed social protection system not only leads to good economic development but helps to combat the problem of social exclusion (www.europa.eu.int, 2006). A significant piece of legislation that affects the whole population is the Human Rights Act 1998, and Mind (2006) makes us aware that there are articles within this Act that are specific to people with learning disabilities; these articles include the right to life, prohibition of inhumane or degrading treatment, prohibition of discrimination and the right to education. Whilst this piece of legislation is in place, our society should not be facing the problem of social exclusion, let alone having to produce and implement more initiatives in a bid to control the problem (Mind, 2006).   People with learning disabilities are one of the most vulnerable groups in society, and the Government is committed to improving their life chances (www.dh.gov.uk, 2006) The Government in various ways is dealing with social exclusion, although this is difficult because social exclusion comes in many different forms. Despite this, the Government is dedicated to tackling these problems, although many initiatives come late in the process, addressing consequences rather than causes (www.mind.org.uk, 2006, p1). Mind (2006) also informs us that in our society it is the learning disabled that are amongst the most isolated groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thompson (2001) tells us that disabled people have never had priority status in social work, and this particular area has often been given very little attention on training courses for this profession. This in itself can be seen as discriminatory and leads to what is now known as disablism (Thompson, 2001). Thompson (2001) describes disablism as referring to the combination of social forces, cultural values and personal prejudices which marginalizes disabled people, portrays them in as negative light and thus oppresses them. This combination encapsulates a powerful ideology which has the effect of denying disabled people full participation in mainstream social life (p112).   Ã‚   When discussing the exclusion of learning disabled people from society it is important to take into account the medical model of the disability and the social model of the disability; the medical model of disability looks at the person and their difficulties in terms of their condition and looks to repair the person, whereas in contrast the social model of the disability looks towards the society being disabling as society is not making enough provisions to enabled the disabled person to lead what we consider to be a normal life (Thompson, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is an important link between social exclusion and poverty; because of benefit rules people with learning disabilities are effectively unable to gain employment which means that they have to rely on benefits to survive, which rules out the chance of them ever owning their own home which is a common goal for much of the nation (Davies, 2002). Although education is becoming increasingly available for people with learning disabilities, especially opportunities for further education, the reality is that there are still no jobs available for people that are learning disabled, and inevitably this group of people end up re-entering education again as there are no other opportunities for them (Davies, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People with learning disabilities often struggle to find relationships; if they are still living with their parents they very rarely spend time with other people of the same age, and those who have left their parents home tend to have only a small social group of people with similar disabilities to their own (Davies, 2002). Because of the protectiveness of parents of children with learning disabilities their children become very dependant on them so when they get older they find it difficult to cope on their own which in turn leads to further segregation for society (Davies, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another aspect that excludes people with learning disabilities is that they have a lack of information of the range of services that they are entitled to, from health to housing, although Mencap has produced a picture bank of information to help resolve this problem. The picture bank is a range of visual explanations that can be accessed by people with learning disabilities (www.mencap.org.uk/html/accessibility/accessibility.asp, 2006), and has also helped the Guardian newspaper to publish a news stories with easy to read words and pictures. Watt (2001) tells us that it is in the past 20 years that society has become immensely unequal in the UK, where some people have done extremely well and others have not. It appears that the Government has recognized the issues surrounding social exclusion for many years, but their proposed solutions are small for the problems that apply to the whole of society (Watt, 2001). The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2006) emphasizes the fact that people who have become socially excluded often become part of a vicious cycle of related problems which include unemployment, low incomes, poor housing, bad health and family breakdown, and its focus is to prevent this from happening in the future by fighting the problem now. The Social Exclusion Unit repeatedly tells us that it is critical to implement early preventative action, and children and young people are especially vulnerable to the effects of social exclusion (www.socialexclusionunit.gov.uk, 2006, p1). Valuing People (Department of Health, 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The white paper called Valuing People: a new strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century was published by the Government on 20th March 2001, and was a key turning point for people with learning disabilities, and not only addressed their needs, but proposed a way of trying to make their lives better (www.mind.org.uk, 2006). Four of the key principles in this white paper were civil rights, independence, choice and inclusion things that people born without disabilities take for granted (www.mind.org.uk, 2006). The main aim of Valuing People was to give people with learning disabilities a chance to have a real say in where they live, what work they should do and who looks after them (Department of Health, 2001a). Valuing People sets out proposals from the Government to improve the life chances and opportunities for people with learning disabilities and their families, and looks towards collaboration between different agencies in order to ac hieve this (Niace, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nothing about us without us (Department of Health, 2001b) This report was published by the Department of Health regarding the rights of people who have learning disabilities, and the report says that a person with learning difficulties cannot have their lives discussed without them being present so that they are involved in making the decisions about their life (Department of Health, 2001). The report also says that if decisions are being made that could affect people with learning disabilities then there must be people present that have learning disabilities (Department of Health, 2001). A report called Hidden Lives was published by the charity Turning Point, in which they examined how effective legislation had been in tackling social exclusion (Batty, 2004). The results of the report were quite alarming, with many service users claiming that improvement had been very slow, and the charity fear that people with learning disabilities are facing social exclusion forever (Batty, 2004). The solution to social exclusion lies not in myriad attempts ro repair society at points of breakdown, but in persuading relatively affluent groups that social inclusion is worth paying for (Watt, 2001)

HRM Strategies Needed by Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies to Achieve High Performance Work :: Janssen Pharmaceuticals Case Study

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY High Performance Work (HPW) is absolutely essential for the associations to manage the to a great degree aggressive markets. Absence of organisational effectiveness or techniques would absolutely push the association in the negative course. In this paper Leadership and Human Resource Management (HRM) ideas are contemplated for expanding the superior working of the Janssen Pharmaceuticals. The collaboration and HRM procedures utilized by the Janssen are assessed. The assessment is carried out on the premise of proper hypothetical models. The ranges in which the association is solid and powerless are unmistakably distinguished and portrayed as a feature of the examination. Janssen which is fundamentally a Health care supplier has powerful HRM procedures. In the meantime there is so much the association can enhance in the fields like wellbeing, reasonable arrangement. Proposals for expanding the proficiency of the association are unmistakably depicted. Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4 Analysis...................................................................................................................... 4 About Janssen............................................................................................................ 4 Leadership†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ............................................................................................. 5 Human Resource Management (HRM) .......................................................................6 Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 10 .Recommendations..................................................................................................... 11 References................................................................................................................. 12 INTRODUCTION For Janssen pharmaceuticals, leadership and human resource management are two essential perspectives that need to be analyse. The primary motivation behind taking these two angles it is straightforwardly connected to the High performance work (HPW) of the organization. Separated from all other criteria, leadership is a special quality that straightforwardly connected to the accomplishment of the organization, in light of the fact that it incorporates the social relations between higher powers and their minimum employees. The intermediate managers are paramount on the grounds that his predisposition part of leaders and supporters (Clegg, et.al 2011). The relationship of representatives with the top level administration is not entrenched for Janssen, may be a direct result of the absent of immediate contact with one another. There are different exercises included in the Human resource management. They are enrolling the workers, setting up the choice and remuneration techniques. It additionally incorporates execution administration frameworks, offering the data and including the workers in an extensive manner. All these exercises are done in a thorough way for procuring, creating and retaining the talented workforce. All these practices are by and large considered as high responsibility or high inclusion frameworks. In less difficult terms they are alluded as high performance works (HPWS). This idea is identified with strategic human resource management (SHRM). SHRM positively includes the managerial movements identified with communication and participation, preparing and advancement, recruitment and staffing and execution administration and compensation (Anthony et.